Plant-microbe interactions are fundamental to enhancing plant growth, improving soil health, and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. These interactions, involving beneficial bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, drive nutrient cycling, promote disease resistance, and bolster stress tolerance in plants. Symbiotic relationships, such as nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations, play a pivotal role in nutrient acquisition, while plant growth-promoting microorganisms contribute to hormone production and biocontrol. Furthermore, microbial communities enhance soil structure, water retention, and resilience against environmental stressors. Harnessing these interactions can reduce chemical input dependency, mitigate environmental challenges, and improve global food security. This article explores the mechanisms, benefits, and practical applications of plant-microbe interactions in modern agriculture.