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Photosynthesis is the fundamental biological process that drives plant growth and productivity, directly influencing crop yields and agricultural sustainability. As the global population continues to rise, the demand for increased food production has placed a critical focus on enhancing photosynthetic efficiency in crops. This review comprehensively examines recent advances in understanding and improving photosynthetic efficiency, aiming to address global food security challenges. We delve into innovative strategies such as genetic engineering to optimize key enzymes involved in photosynthesis, techniques to enhance light capture efficiency, and methods to manipulate carbon fixation pathways. Additionally, we explore the integration of advanced biotechnological tools and approaches, including CRISPR-Cas9 and synthetic biology, to refine and optimize photosynthetic processes. The paper also discusses the significant challenges faced in translating these scientific advancements into practical agricultural applications, including environmental variability, regulatory hurdles, and public acceptance issues. Future directions for research are also considered, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and sustainable agricultural practices. By synthesizing the latest developments and identifying key areas for further investigation, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential and challenges of improving photosynthetic efficiency to meet future food production demands.