Blog

Plants are continuously exposed to various environmental stresses that significantly affect their growth, development, and productivity. Among these, drought, salinity, and temperature extremes are the most detrimental. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant stress tolerance is crucial for developing strategies to improve crop resilience and ensure food security. This review comprehensively explores the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and temperature extremes. We discuss the roles of stress perception and signaling, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, hormonal regulation, and genetic and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, we highlight recent advancements in breeding and biotechnological approaches aimed at enhancing stress tolerance in crops.