Food security and agriculture have long been closely related, but sustaining adequate food production is getting harder due to the rising demand for labour, land, water, and other resources. New methods that can help farmers increase productivity while making better use of these resources have been presented over time by scientific and technological advancements. From the Green Revolution and early farm mechanisation to the current application of biotechnology, precision farming, artificial intelligence, sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), drones, robotics, and smart irrigation systems, agriculture has advanced. These advancements have changed how crops are grown, monitored, and controlled. While contemporary technology has made it feasible to gather field-level information and apply it to farming decisions, scientific research has helped develop new crop types and better strategies for controlling pests and diseases. When used properly, these technologies can lower the amount of work required in farming, boost crop output and quality and improve the efficiency of water and other inputs. However, not every farmer can equally benefit from them. Adoption may be hampered by the expense of equipment, insufficient infrastructure, a lack of technical expertise, poor Internet connectivity, worries about the effects on the environment and the handling of agricultural data. Therefore, resource efficiency, sustainability and affordability should all be considered when evaluating the role of science and technology in agriculture rather than just production.