The strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is an emerging fruit crop in Burkina Faso with strong economic and nutritional potential, but its sustainability is compromised by numerous fungal diseases that cause considerable losses both in the field and post-harvest due to rot and wilt. The objective of this study is to investigate the symptoms, identify the main pathogenic fungi associated with strawberry cultivation in central Burkina Faso, and evaluate a control method based on essential oils. The methodology relies on field surveys, the collection of symptomatic leaves, followed by macroscopic and microscopic analyses after isolation in the laboratory. In vitro tests were conducted with three essential oils Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Azadirachta indica at concentrations of 5% and 15% to evaluate their antifungal potential against the isolated pathogens. Our work identified three pathogens: Botrytis cinerea, Mycosphaerella fragaria, and Aspergillus niger. These pathogens appear at different stages of plant growth and cause a range of symptoms, from necrosis and chlorosis to leaf death. They reduce photosynthetic activity, cause premature leaf drop, and lead to fruit rot. The three plant extracts demonstrated complete fungicidal efficacy. Specifically, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Azadirachta indica at concentrations of 5% and 15% completely inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Mycosphaerella fragaria, and Aspergillus niger 72 hours after treatment. Understanding host-parasite-environment relationships, as well as the effectiveness of certain plant extracts, offers potential solutions for implementing environmentally friendly control methods.