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The integration of modern techniques in crop science has revolutionized agricultural practices, resulting in substantial increases in crop yields. This paper explores the impact of precision agriculture, biotechnology, and advanced breeding techniques on enhancing agricultural productivity. Precision agriculture employs technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and soil sensors to optimize resource use, while biotechnology involves genetic modification, CRISPR-Cas9, and RNA interference to develop crops with improved traits. Advanced breeding techniques such as marker-assisted selection and genomic selection accelerate the development of high-yielding varieties. By analyzing recent advancements and their applications, this study provides a comprehensive overview of how modern crop science is addressing the challenges of food security and sustainable agriculture.