Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased CO concentrations, and more frequent extreme weather events, profoundly impacts global agricultural systems. A critical yet often underappreciated consequence is the alteration of insect pest dynamics, leading to significant shifts in their geographical distribution, phenology, population abundance, and species interactions. These climate-induced changes pose an escalating threat to crop production and global food security, demanding adaptive and proactive management strategies. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on the multifaceted mechanisms through which climate variables influence insect pests, from direct physiological effects on development, reproduction, and survival to indirect effects mediated through host plants and natural enemies. It details observed and predicted shifts in pest populations, including poleward and altitudinal range expansions, increased voltinism, altered phenological synchrony, and heightened outbreak frequencies. Methodologies for predicting these complex dynamics, encompassing mechanistic models, statistical approaches, remote sensing, and omics technologies, are critically examined for their utility and limitations. The review then delves into the imperative of adapting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to these evolving threats, emphasizing enhanced monitoring, climate-resilient crop varieties, adaptive biological control, revised cultural practices, and judicious chemical interventions. Case studies, such as the poleward expansion of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), phenological shifts in aphids, and increased bark beetle outbreaks in warming forests, illustrate the tangible impacts and management challenges. Despite advancements, significant challenges persist, including data gaps, the complexity of multi-trophic interactions, the prediction of rapid evolutionary adaptation, and the implementation of adaptive policies. Future directions emphasize the critical role of interdisciplinary research, advanced modeling incorporating artificial intelligence, real-time surveillance, and international collaboration to build resilient agricultural systems. This review underscores that a proactive, science-driven approach integrating diverse tools is indispensable for effectively predicting and managing climate-induced insect pest shifts to safeguard global food production.