Micropropagation and in vitro culture technologies have emerged as powerful tools for rapid multiplication and improvement of horticultural crops. These techniques enable the production of large numbers of genetically uniform and disease-free planting materials within a short period, independent of seasonal limitations. Advances in tissue culture methods, bioreactor systems, molecular diagnostics, and automation have significantly enhanced propagation efficiency and plant quality. Micropropagation is widely used in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, plantation crops, and medicinal plants to support commercial horticulture and germplasm conservation. Recent developments also integrate molecular tools and biotechnology for trait improvement and disease elimination. This review discusses principles, recent advances, applications, challenges, and future prospects of micropropagation and in vitro techniques for rapid multiplication of horticultural crops, emphasizing their role in sustainable horticultural production.