Plant Science Archives - Feed https://plantarc.com/soil-property-modulation-via-nutrient-inputs-in-barley-sorghum-forage-systems/ An International Journal of Plant Biology Thu, 07 May 2026 07:08:51 +0000 hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7.5 https://plantarc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/cropped-logo-32x32.png Soil Property Modulation via Nutrient Inputs in Barley–Sorghum Forage Systems https://plantarc.com/soil-property-modulation-via-nutrient-inputs-in-barley-sorghum-forage-systems/ 32 32 Soil Property Modulation via Nutrient Inputs in Barley–Sorghum Forage Systems https://plantarc.com/soil-property-modulation-via-nutrient-inputs-in-barley-sorghum-forage-systems/ Sat, 05 Apr 2025 03:51:43 +0000 plantarc@admin https://plantarc.com/?p=2043

A field experiment was carried out during the rabi and kharif seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Agricultural Research Farm of R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra, to evaluate the impact of various nutrient management practices on soil properties in a barley–fodder sorghum crop sequence. The experiment followed a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and twelve treatment combinations: T1 (Control), T2 (N60), T3 (N120), T4 (N60P30), T5 (N120P60), T6 (N60P30K30), T7 (N120P60K60), T8 (N60P30K30Zn5), T9 (N120P60K60Zn5), T10 (N60P30K30S20), T11 (N120P60K60S20), and T12 (N60P30K30VC5). The findings revealed that soil organic carbon content was significantly enhanced with the application of treatment T12, which included 60 kg N, 30 kg P₂O₅, 30 kg K₂O, and 5 tonnes of vermicompost per hectare, recording an organic carbon level of 4.92 g kg⁻¹ compared to 3.98 g kg⁻¹ in the control. Moreover, treatment T9 (120 kg N + 60 kg P₂O₅ + 60 kg K₂O + 5 kg Zn ha⁻¹) significantly increased the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and zinc in the soil compared to the untreated control. These results highlight the positive influence of integrated nutrient management, particularly with the inclusion of micronutrients and organic amendments, on improving soil fertility in a sequential barley–fodder sorghum cropping system.

 https://plantarc.com/soil-property-modulation-via-nutrient-inputs-in-barley-sorghum-forage-systems/ Introduction

The unpredictable temperature, poor irrigation water quality, insufficient fertilization, poor soil physical conditions, nutritional imbalances, and deficiencies of certain macro and micronutrients are among the factors that contribute to its poorer production in arid and semiarid regions. In addition to these, other significant characteristics linked to low output include the soil’s coarse texture, low organic matter content, low water receptivity, excessive permeability, and a fast increase in soil strength after drying.In the majority of Indian soils, nitrogen is a consistently lacking plant nutrient. Numerous substances, including nucleotides, phospholipids, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and more, require nitrogen as a component. It significantly influences how potassium, carbohydrates, and other elements are employed.Nitrogen is essential for the creation of proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll and is a major factor in photosynthesis.The use of chemical fertilizers in combination with more economical and sustainable nutrient sources, like organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers, needs to receive greater attention because there is an immense gap between the production and consumption of N fertilizer.After nitrogen, phosphorus is another essential nutrient. In Indian agriculture, the P input is derived from organic manures, fertilizers, and crop leftovers to a very limited proportion. It is a necessary component of ATP, ADP, and nucleic acids. It improves the quality of crop products, speeds up maturity, and has positive effects on root formation and growth. The availability and form of P in the soil depends upon the native and/or added sources of phosphate fertilizer and organic matter content from external sources. It is necessary to determine and encourage the usage of the kinds of fertilizers that are needed to make corrections.

The most common micronutrient disorders in light-textured soil are Zn and sulphur deficiencies, and applying Zn coupled with NPK fertilizer significantly boosts crop yields for the majority of crops. Sulphur deficiency symptoms in barley and sorghum crops are common and lower the crops’ yields. It is commonly known that S plays a crucial role in some enzymes and plant metabolic processes. It is well recognized that a sulfur deficit slows down the activity of various enzymes, including urease, nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, and ribonuclease. Crop yields in Indian soils have been found to be limited by Zn.It helps with the production of plant development material and enzyme systems necessary for boosting specific metabolic reactions, and it is mostly transported by diffusion to the root surface of the plant.

Organic matter is regarded as a measure of the health of the soil since it provides energy to the soil’s microflora and organic carbon content. All soils contain organic elements, which are fundamental and necessary for the soil to function as a living, dynamic system. Nutrients that are necessary for plant growth are stored in organic materials.Decomposition results in the production of organic acids and CO2, which aid in the dissolution of minerals and increase their availability to developing plants. It supports protecting soil against summer and winter temperature drops and abrupt chemical changes. Enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of soil requires organic matter. Potential sources of micronutrients, organic manures enhance soil structure by binding soil aggregates and boosting the soil’sability to retain water and function as a buffer. By chelating the chemical fertilizer and halting nutrient losses through leaching and other mechanisms, it also improves the efficiency of nutrient usage. In addition to being a possible source of micronutrients and NPK, organic supplementation is an excellent substrate for microbial growth, which leads to long-term soil productivity. It has been shown that combining chemical fertilizers with organic manures has significant promise for preserving increased productivity and enhancing crop production stability. Crop production may be sustained and long-term fertility maintained with a prudent mix of inorganic and organic fertilizers. It is necessary to standardize integrated nutrient management strategies that incorporate FYM and mineral sources of nutrients.

Materials and Methods

Field experiments were conducted during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Agricultural Research Farm of R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra, to evaluate the effect of various nutrient management practices on soil properties under a barley–fodder sorghum crop sequence. The experimental site was characterized by sandy loam soil with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.18 dS m⁻¹, pH 8.2, organic carbon content of 4.6 g kg⁻¹, and available nutrient levels of 198.4 kg N ha⁻¹, 14.6 kg P ha⁻¹, 214.3 kg K ha⁻¹, 15.7 kg S ha⁻¹, and 0.58 mg Zn kg⁻¹.

The study was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The treatments included:

  • T1 – Control
  • T2 – 60 kg N ha⁻¹
  • T3 – 120 kg N ha⁻¹
  • T4 – 60 kg N + 30 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹
  • T5 – 120 kg N + 60 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹
  • T6 – 60 kg N + 30 kg P₂O₅ + 30 kg K₂O ha⁻¹
  • T7 – 120 kg N + 60 kg P₂O₅ + 60 kg K₂O ha⁻¹
  • T8 – 60 kg N + 30 kg P₂O₅ + 30 kg K₂O + 5 kg Zn ha⁻¹
  • T9 – 120 kg N + 60 kg P₂O₅ + 60 kg K₂O + 5 kg Zn ha⁻¹
  • T10 – 60 kg N + 30 kg P₂O₅ + 30 kg K₂O + 20 kg S ha⁻¹
  • T11 – 120 kg N + 60 kg P₂O₅ + 60 kg K₂O + 20 kg S ha⁻¹
  • T12 – 60 kg N + 30 kg P₂O₅ + 30 kg K₂O + 5 t vermicompost (VC) ha⁻¹

For each treatment, half the nitrogen and the full doses of phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and sulfur were applied at sowing. The remaining nitrogen was top-dressed in two equal splits at critical growth stages. Nutrients were supplied using urea (N), single super phosphate (P₂O₅), muriate of potash (K₂O), zinc sulfate (Zn), and elemental sulfur (S). Vermicompost, containing 1.07% N, 0.86% P, and 1.79% K, was incorporated into the soil 15 days prior to sowing.

Soil Sampling and Analysis

Soil samples were collected in 2023 from the plow layer (0–20 cm depth) of the experimental plots after the harvest of the crop sequence. The samples were air-dried, gently crushed, and sieved for further analyses. For the estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC), samples were passed through a 0.2-mm sieve, while for the assessment of other soil quality parameters—such as chemical properties (pH, EC) and available nutrients (N, P, K, S, and Zn)—samples that passed through a 2-mm sieve were used.

  • Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined using a 1:2 soil-to-water suspension method [1].
  • Soil organic carbon (SOC) was estimated by the wet oxidation method using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) as oxidizing agents [2].
  • Available nitrogen (N) was analyzed using the alkaline KMnO₄ oxidizable nitrogen method [3].
  • Available phosphorus (P) was extracted using 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and measured as per the Olsen method [4].
  • Available potassium (K) was determined using neutral normal ammonium acetate extraction [5].
  • Available sulfur (S) was extracted with 0.15% calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution [6].
  • Available zinc (Zn) was analyzed by the DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) extraction method [7].

These standard procedures ensured the reliability and accuracy of soil quality assessment, which formed the basis for evaluating the influence of different nutrient management treatments under the barley–fodder sorghum cropping system.

Results and Discussion

EC and pH

The EC and pHin soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments are presented in Table 1. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) in the soils varied from 0.26 to 0.37dSm-1 across the treatments. However, application of (T11) @ 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1 recorded significantly higher EC values compared to (T2) @ 60Kg N ha-1. The pH value in the soils varied from 8.15 to 8.49 across the treatments. Significantly higherpH value in soil with the application of @ (T9) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1was recorded (8.49) compared to control (8.15) respectively.

Soil organic carbon

The soil organic carbon in the soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments ispresented in Table 1. Thesoil organic carbon in soil varied from 3.98 to 4.92 g kg-1 across the treatments. Significantly higher organic carbon was observed with the application of (T12) @ 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 5 tVC ha-1 (4.92 gKg-1), @ (T9)120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 (4.78 gKg-1), @ (T11) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1 (4.67 gKg-1), @ (T10) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1, (4.57 gKg-1), @ (T7) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O ha-1 (4.48 gKg-1), @ (T5) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 ha-1 (4.38 gKg-1), @ (T3) 120Kg N ha-1 (4.32 gKg-1), @ (T8) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 (4.25gKg-1), @ (T4) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 ha-1 (4.20 gKg-1), @ (T6) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O ha-1 (4.14 gKg-1) and @ (T2) 60Kg N ha-1 (4.07gKg-1) compared to control (3.98 gKg-1). The increase in organic carbon the application of nutrient management with: (T2)> (T6)> (T4)> (T8)> (T3)> (T5)> (T7)> (T10)> (T11)> (T9)> (T12) levels of nutrient management treatments over control were 2.2, 4.0, 5.5, 6.8, 8.5, 10.0, 12.5, 14.6, 17.2, 20.0 and 23.4% respectively over control. Similar results were obtained by [8, 9, 10 and 11].

Available nitrogen

The available nitrogen in soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments ispresented in Table 1. Theavailable nitrogen in soil varied from 182.0 to 220.5 ha-1 across the treatments. Among the nutrient managementtreatments, application of @ (T9)120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O + 5 Kg Zn ha-1 recorded significantly higher available nitrogen in soil (220.5Kg ha-1) followed by (T11) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1 (216.5Kg ha-1), (T12) 60Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 tVC ha-1 (213.9 Kg ha-1), (T10) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 20 Kg S ha-1, (209.8 Kg ha-1), (T7) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O ha-1, (205.6 Kg ha-1), (T5) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (202.1 Kg ha-1), (T3) 120Kg N ha-1 (199.0Kg ha-1), (T8) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 (195.0Kg ha-1), (T4) 60Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (192.6 Kg ha-1), (T6) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O ha-1 (188.5 Kg ha-1) and (T2) 60 Kg N ha-1 (185.8 Kg ha-1) compared to control (182.0 Kg ha-1) respectively. Similarly, the increase in available nitrogen in soil with: (T2)> (T6)> (T4)> (T8)> (T3)> (T5)> (T7)> (T10)> (T12)> (T11)> (T9) levels of nutrient management treatmentsover control were 2.1, 3.6, 5.8, 7.1, 9.4, 11.1, 13.0, 15.3, 17.6, 19.0 and 21.2% respectively.Similar to these findings are [12, 10].

Available phosphorus

The available phosphorus in the soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments are presented in Table 1. Theavailable phosphorus in soil varied from 12.3 to 20.8 kg ha-1 across the treatments. Among the nutrient management treatments, application of @ (T9)120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 recorded significantly higher available phosphorus in soil (20.8Kg ha-1) followed by (T11) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1 (19.7Kg ha-1), (T12) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 tVC ha-1 (19.2 Kg ha-1), (T10) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 20 Kg S ha-1, (18.4 Kg ha-1), (T7) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O ha-1, (17.5Kg ha-1), (T5) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (17.0 Kg ha-1), (T3) 120 Kg N ha-1 (16.3 Kg ha-1), (T8) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 Kg Zn ha-1 (15.5 Kg ha-1), (T4) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (14.8 Kg ha-1), (T6) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O ha-1 (14.1Kg ha-1) and (T2) 60 Kg N ha-1 (13.4 Kg ha-1), compared to control (12.3 Kg ha-1) respectively. Similarly, the increase in available phosphorus in soil with: (T2)> (T6)> (T4)> (T8)> (T3)> (T5)> (T7)> (T10)> (T12)> (T11)> (T9) levels of nutrient management treatments over control were 8.9, 14.1, 19.7, 25.9, 32.4, 37.8, 41.9, 49.5, 55.7, 60.0 and 68.4% respectively.These results are following those of [12, 10].

Available potassium

The available potassium in soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments ispresented in Table 1. Theavailable potassium in soil varied from 202.0 to 222.1 Kg ha-1 across the treatments. Among the nutrient management treatments, application of @ (T9)120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O + 5 Kg Zn ha-1 recorded significantly higher available potassium in soil (222.1Kg ha-1) followed by (T11) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1 (221.2Kg ha-1), (T12) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 tVC ha-1 (219.9 Kg ha-1), (T10) 60 Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 20 Kg S ha-1, (217.5 Kg ha-1), (T7) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O ha-1, (215.9Kg ha-1), (T5) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (213.1Kg ha-1), (T3) 120 Kg N ha-1 (211.3 Kg ha-1), (T8) 60Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 Kg Zn ha-1 (209.3 Kg ha-1), (T4) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (206.2 Kg ha-1), (T6) 60Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O ha-1 (205.3 Kg ha-1) and (T2) 60Kg N ha-1 (204.5 Kg ha-1), compared to control (202.0 Kg ha-1) respectively. Similarly, the increase in available potassium in soil with: (T2)> (T6)> (T4)> (T8)> (T3)> (T5)> (T7)> (T10)> (T12)> (T11)> (T9) levels of nutrient management treatments over control were 1.3, 1.7, 2.1, 3.6, 4.6, 5.5, 6.9, 7.7, 8.9, 9.5 and 10.0% respectively.These results are in favor of [12, 9, 10 and 11].

Available sulphur

The available sulfur in the soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments are presented in Table 1. Theavailablesulfur in soil varied from 13.7 to 20.4Kg ha-1 across the treatments. Among the nutrient management treatments, application of (T11) @ 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1recorded significantly higher available sulphur in soil (20.4Kg ha-1) followed by (T9) @120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 (19.2Kg ha-1), (T12) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 5 tVC ha-1 (18.1Kg ha-1), (T10) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 20Kg S ha-1, (17.6Kg ha-1), (T7) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 + 60Kg K2O ha-1, (17.0Kg ha-1), (T5) 120Kg N + 60Kg P2O5 ha-1 (16.3Kg ha-1), (T3) 120Kg N ha-1 (15.8Kg ha-1), (T8) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 (15.2Kg ha-1), (T4) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 ha-1 (14.6Kg ha-1), (T6) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30Kg K2O ha-1 (14.2Kg ha-1) and (T2) 60Kg N ha-1 (14.0Kg ha-1) compared to control (13.7Kg ha-1) respectively. Similarly, the increase in available sulfur in soil with: (T2)>(T6)>(T4)>(T8)>(T3)>(T5)>(T7)>(T10)>(T12)>(T9)>(T11) levels of nutrient management treatments over control were 2.4, 3.7, 7.1, 11.2, 15.6, 19.0, 24.6, 28.5, 32.4, 40.2 and 49.3% respectively.These resultsare aggregatedby [11].

Available zinc

The available zinc in soil as influenced by different nutrient management treatments ispresented in Table 1. Theavailable zinc in the soil varied from 0.51 to 0.66 mg kg-1 across the treatments. Among the nutrient management treatments, application of @ (T9)120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O + 5Kg Zn ha-1 recorded significantly higher available zinc in soil (0.66 mgKg-1) followed by (T11) 120Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O + 20 Kg S ha-1 (0.64 mgKg-1), (T12) 60Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 tVC ha-1 (0.62 mgKg-1), (T10) 60Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 20 Kg S ha-1, (0.61 mgKg-1), (T7) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O ha-1, (0.60 mgKg-1), (T5) 120 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (0.58 mgKg-1), (T3) 120 Kg N ha-1 (0.57 mgKg-1), (T8) 60 Kg N + 30Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 5 Kg Zn ha-1 (0.55mgKg-1), (T4) 60Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 ha-1 (0.54 mgKg-1), (T6) 60 Kg N + 30 Kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O ha-1 (0.53mgKg-1) and (T2) 60Kg N ha-1 (0.52 mgKg-1) compared to control (0.51 mgKg-1) respectively. Similarly, the increase in available zinc in soil with: (T2)>(T6)>(T4)>(T8)>(T3)>(T5)>(T7)>(T10)>(T12)>(T11)>(T9) levels of nutrient management treatments over control were 1.3, 2.6, 5.8, 7.8, 10.4, 13.6, 17.5, 19.5, 20.1, 24.7 and 28.6% respectively. Over findings agree with those of [13, 10, 11].

Conclusion

The study clearly demonstrates that integrated nutrient management practices significantly influence soil fertility and nutrient dynamics in a barley–fodder sorghum crop sequence. Among the various treatments, the application of T12 (N60P30K30VC5)—which combined balanced fertilization with organic amendments (vermicompost)—markedly improved soil organic carbon content, indicating enhanced soil health and biological activity. Likewise, T9 (N120P60K60Zn5) emerged as the most effective treatment in improving the availability of key macro- and micronutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and zinc. These findings underscore the critical role of combining chemical fertilizers with organic and micronutrient inputs to sustainably maintain and enhance soil quality. The use of vermicompost and zinc supplementation not only improved nutrient availability but also supported long-term soil productivity, making them valuable components of nutrient management strategies in sequential cropping systems. Therefore, adopting integrated nutrient management approaches is recommended for sustaining soil health, optimizing crop productivity, and ensuring agricultural sustainability in similar agro-ecological zones.

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Breeding breeding strategies Bridging Gap between Bud sprouts Cajaus cajan callus Callus induction Candida Capsicum chinense Cardiovascular disease Carrot Cellulose acetate-EUSOL cereals chemical fertilizers Chickpea Chilli micro nutrients Chlorophyll content Chrozophora rottleri Chrysopogon nigritanus CIMMYT germplasm Clarias gariepinus climate change Climate resilience Climate-resilient crops cognitive function cold arid region Colocasia esculenta compost Composting conservation status content Coriander Coriandrum sativum correlations Covid 19 CPE CRISPR-Cas9 Crop Crop breeding crop economics Crop Improvement crop performance Crop Production Crop Yield crops Crucianella cue-lure traps Culcutta Orange Curcumin decaying wood decision making Defense Mechanisms dendrometry derivatives dermatological care Diabetic foot ulcers DIATTA Kady DIATTA William DIENG Serigne Ibra Mbacké disease prevention Disease Reaction Disease Resistance diseases diversity DNA DNA methylation Drainage drought Drought Resistance drought tolerance E.coli EBB & Flow ecosystem Ectomycorrhizal fungi Efficacy Elaeocarpus ganitrus Electrospinning Emphasis is placed on the role of micronutrients emphasizing root structure environment environmental exposures Environmental hazard enzymes epigenetic marker essential oils ethno-medicinal uses Ethnobotany explants extraction extreme temperatures extreme weather conditions fatty acid fertilizers Flavonoids flora diversity food Food & Nutrition Security food application Forest Ecology FT-IR FTIR function fungi Fusarium GA Ganga River Gaurala Lake GC-MS GC-MS compound profiling genetic genetic advance genetic diversity genetic engineering Genetic Mapping Genetic strategies genetic variability genetics genome editing genomic selection genotype x environment interaction genotypic variation germination Germplasm Evaluation Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) GPS Graft Grain yield stability green okra green synthesis Groundwater quality growth Growth parameters Guinea Savannah GWAS Habb-e- Asgandh Healthcare heat stress Heat tolerance heavy metal Heavy metal stress heavy metals Helianthus Helianthus annuus Hemileia vastatrix Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) Herbal medicine herbal remedies Herbicides heritability Heterosis Hibiscus lobatus Highlands of Bale histone modification Homeopathic horticultural crops Horticulture HPLC HPTLC hybrid breeding Hydroponics Hypericum perforatum IAA in vitro culture Inbred lines inbreeding depression including metal uptake including stress perception and signaling Indices Indigenous knowledge systems Infectious diseases inflammatory INM Inorganic Coffee. Insect pests Integrated Nutrient Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integrative medicine Internet of Things (IoT) invasive alien species Ipomoea laxiflora irrigation Kamuni Lake Keywords: This review explores the latest advances in the molecular basis of heavy metal tolerance Keywords:Organic Farming Kinetin land evaluation land suitability Landfill Lax inflorescence Lead toxicity legume Leguminous grain Lentinus edodes Level of adoption Line x Tester Lumbar Disc Herniation Macrophytes Maize Maize productions Marigold marker-assisted breeding Marker-Assisted Selection Masanghat Lake MBAYE Amadou Ibrahima Medicinal plant conservation medicinal plants Melon fruit fly memory Mental health metals Microbial Contamination Microbiological analysis Microbiome micropropagation modern horticulture Moisture molecular breeding molecular mechanisms Molluscicidal activity Monofloral honeys MS media MS medium Multi-location evaluation multifaceted interactions between plant roots and soil Municipal solid waste Murraya koenigii musk melon Mycorrhiza Mycorrhizal mycorrhizal fungi Nano herbicides Nanofertilisers nanoparticles Nanopesticides natural compounds Nitrates Nitrogen nitrogen fixation non-pathogenic Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) NPS fertilizer nutrient bioavailability nutrient enhancement nutrient retention Nutrient uptake Nutrition nutrition (soil and foliar) nutritional composition Nutritional profile of foreground Okra Omics technologies optimal crop yields Organic Carbon Organic Coffee Organic Farming Organic fertilization organic fertilizer Organisms Oryza sativa L osmotic adjustment Ovoid spur Oxidative stress Pain Management participation Passion fruit Peristylus Blume Peroxidase activity Persimmon Pest dynamics pest management pharmacological activities Phenolic Phenology Phenols phenotypic variation phosphorus Photosynthesis Phyllosphere Phylogenetic physic-chemical composition physico-chemical composition physico-chemical parameters physiological growth Phytochemical phytochemical analysis phytochemical composition Phytochemical screening Phytochemicals phytohormone Phytosterols phytotherapy Phytotoxicity Pine trees Plant Plant Breeding plant cultivation Plant growth Plant growth regulator (PGRs) plant hormones plant spacing Plant-based diet Plant-microbe interactions Plant-Pathogen Interactions plant-soil interactions planting date plants Plumule emergence pollen grains pollution status Polyphenols Polyvinyl alcohol Potato Precision agriculture employs technologies like remote sensing Precision Breeding Precision horticulture Predictive models pretreatment propagation proteases proximate Proximate composition Pulse Crops Pusa hydrogel quality Quality control quality parameters Quantitative trait loci Rae Bareli Range shifts rapid multiplication red okra regeneration Reproductive Rhizobacteria Rhodopseudomonas Rice rice cultivation rice production technology rice-based farming system robotics Rooftop garden Root Nodules rural farm women rural women Rust resistance salinity Salvia officinalis Sargassum wightii SARR Abdou SCA Schistosomiasis scientific advances scion seaweed Secondary metabolites seed germination seed treatment Seedling growth selection Selection Enhanced SEM semi-arid regions sensory evaluation sequestration sesame accessions Sherardia signaling Single-Strain Inoculants skincare Smart technologies Soil chemistry soil fertility Soil Health soil management Soil management and crop production Soil Organic Carbon soil properties Solanum lycopersicum Solanum tuberosum L. Somatic embryo southern Aravalli region Soxhlet extraction sporophore Stability Staphylococcus staple crops Stem rust stock storage conditions storage life subtropical regions Sulfur Fertilizer sunflower Sustainable sustainable agriculture Sustainable agriculture practices Symbiosis Tamarindus indica Techniques technology Terrestrial orchid The their impact on plant physiology Therapeutic Potential therapeutic properties These plants hold significant cultural value and are employed to treat a wide array of ailments This review explores the key physiological responses of plants to abiotic stress This review explores the sources and types of heavy metals tissue culture TLC to identify the To improve agricultural sustainability and ecosystem resilience Tomato Tomato breeding tomato seeds. Total polyphenols Toxic chemo stress TPC traditional breeding Traditional healing practices traditional medicine transport Uttar Pradesh and bacteria variability variety Variety release vermicompost vigour index Voltinism was water Weed index Wendlandia Wheat while biotechnology involves genetic modification woody plants Wound dressings Xanthomonas oryzae Xylariaceae Yellow rust yield yield traits Zea mays Zinc Enrichment Zinc Fertilizer Zn nanoparticles